A New Perspective Regarding the Impact of Rural Disadvantage on Accessing Services

Hearing the Australian and Irish Social Work Student Voice

Authors

  • Amy McLaughlin University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  • Emma Pascoe Charles Sturt University
  • Jessica Lawson Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
  • Lizzy Parker University of New England, Armidale, Australia
  • Toni Whalan Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
  • Tayyaba Safdar University of New England, Armidale, Australia
  • Georgia Beeton Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
  • Rosealie Kennedy University Centre for Rural Health, Lismore, Australia
  • Nicola Ivory Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-5885
  • Louise Morley University of New England, Armidale, Australia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2885-6698
  • Carmel Halton University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  • Erica Russ Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9883-430X
  • Scott Gartshore University of New England, Armidale, Australia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-3380
  • Monica Short Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-8037

Keywords:

Australia, Ireland, Social Work, Placement, Student-led Research, Field Education, Rural

Abstract

This participatory research project, a co-operative inquiry, was led by seven social work students whilst on placement. They investigated the research question: How do rural advantage and disadvantage impact access to services from an Australian and Irish social work student perspective? Students were either on placement in Australia (n = 6, fully online placement) or in Ireland (n = 1, on-site practice placement with an online research component). The seven students, supported by seven academics, met weekly online to conduct in-depth conversations, share knowledge and their own observations, and connect these with the available literature regarding rural advantage and disadvantage. Grounded by a social determinants of health framework, the purpose of the inquiry was to highlight issues that affect isolated communities, their access to services, and explore these issues across two cultural and geographical contexts. The key themes that emerged included: i) the complexities of access to rural services; ii) the advantages and disadvantages of rural connectedness; and iii) the impact of these advantages/disadvantages on rural social work practitioners. These findings are significant for educators and rural practitioners, adding to the social work knowledge-base a unique student perspective of the issues that affect isolated communities and their access to health and social work services.

References

Allen, O. (2005). SARRAH: In a nutshell. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 13(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-

2004.00655.x

Alston, M., & Bowles, W. (2018). Research for social workers: An introduction to methods (4th ed.). Allen & Unwin.

Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW). (2013). AASW Practice standards.

AASW Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW). (2020). Code of ethics. https://www.aasw.asn.au/document/item/1201

Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW). (2023). AASW Practice standards. https://www.aasw.asn.au/about-aasw/ethicsstandards/practice-standards/

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). 2016 Census of population and housing: TableBuilder. https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/About+TableBuilder

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018a, March 16). Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 5– Remoteness

Structure, July 2016. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/1270.0.55.005

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018b, January 18). Census uncovers Australia’s most advantaged and disadvantaged areas [Mediarelease]. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2033.0.55.001~2016~Media%20Release~Census%20

shows%20our%20most%20advantaged%20&%20disadvantaged%20areas%20(Media%20Release)~25

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021, December 16). National, state and territory population. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/

people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/jun-2021

Australian Government: Centre for Population. (2020). Migration between cities and regions: A quick guide to COVID 19 impacts.

https://population.gov.au/sites/population.gov.au/files/2021-09/the-impacts-of-covid-on-migration-between-cities-and-regions.pdf

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020a). Rural and remote health. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/rural-and-remote-health

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020b). Coordination of health care: experiences of barriers to accessing health services among patients aged 45 and over. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/d864d80b-22cb-4356-a1f6-24c2f350004b/aihw-chc-4.pdf.aspx?inline=true

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2022). Rural and remote Australians. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/populationgroups/rural-remote-australians/overview

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Sage.

Brownlee, K., Graham, J., Doucette, E., Hotson, N., & Halverson, G. (2010). Have communication technologies influenced rural

social work practice? British Journal of Social Work, 40(2), 622–637. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcp010

Bryant, L., Garnham, B., Tedmanson, D., & Diamandi, S. (2015). Tele-social work and mental health in rural and remote

communities in Australia. International Social Work, 61(1), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872815606794

Bryne, J. (2021). COVID has disrupted our big cities, and regional planning has to catch up fast. https://theconversation.com/covidhas-disrupted-our-big-cities-and-regional-planning-has-to-catch-up-fast-139969

Bulgarr Ngaru, & Northern NSW Local Health District. (2021). Casino community profile. https://hnc.org.au/wp-content/

uploads/2018/09/20180606-Healthy-Towns-Casino-Community-Profile.pdf

Central Statistics Office (CSO). (2019). Urban and rural life in Ireland, 2019. https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/purli/urbanandrurallifeinireland2019/introduction/

Central Statistics Office (CSO). (2021a). Population and migration estimates, April 2021. https://www.cso.ie/en/

releasesandpublications/ep/ppme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2021/mainresults/#:~:text=Ireland’s%20population%20was%20estimated%20to,in%201851%20was%206.6%20million

Central Statistics Office (CSO). (2021b). Measuring distance to everyday services in Ireland. https://www.cso.ie/en/

releasesandpublications/ep/p-mdsi/measuringdistancetoeverydayservicesinireland/generalresults/

Chenoweth, L., & McAuliffe, D. (2021). The road to social work and human service practice. (6th ed). Cengage.

Darracott, R., & Lonne, B. (2017). Rural and remote practice. In K. Ellem, W. Chui, & J. Wilson (Eds.), Social Work and human

services best practice (pp. 185–207). Federation Press.

Davey, J., Collingwood, H., Croaker, S., Grentell, M., Rytkonen, F., & Zuchowski, I. (2021). Using a community development

approach to reimagine field education during Covid-19. Advances in Social Work & Welfare Education, 22(2), 56–68.

Cleak, H. (2017). Healthcare. In K. Ellem, W. Chui, & J. Wilson (Eds.), Social work and human services best practice (pp. 91–106).

Federation Press.

Forrest., J., & Dunn, K. (2013). Cultural diversity, racialisation and the experience of racism in rural Australia: The South Australian

case. Journal of Rural Studies, 30, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.11.002

Geoscience Australia. (n.d.). Australia’s size compared. https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/

dimensions/australias-size-compared

Germov, J. (2019). Second opinion: An introduction to health sociology (6th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Gunn, K. M., Barrett, A., Hughes-Barton, D., Turnbull, D., Short, C., Brumby, S., Skaczkowski, G., & Dollman, J. (2021). What

farmers want from mental health and wellbeing-focused websites and online interventions. Journal of Rural Studies, 86, 298–308.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.016

Halton, C., Powell, F., & Scanlon, M. (2015). Continuing professional development in social work. Policy Press.

Harms, L., Abotomey, R., Rose, D., Woodward Kron, R., Bolt, B., Waycott, J., & Alexander, M. (2018a). Postdisaster posttraumatic

growth: Extending ten years beyond bushfires report. https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/media/8676/beyond-bushfires-post-traumaticgrowth-webinar-slides.pdf

Harms, L., Abotomey, R., Rose, D., Woodward Kron, R., Bolt, B., Waycott, J. & Alexandar, M. (2018b). Postdisaster posttraumatic

growth: Positive transformations following the Black Saturday bushfires. Australian Social Work, 71(4), 417–429.

Heron, J., & Reason, P. (2006). The practice of co-operative inquiry: Research “with” rather than “on” people. In P. Reason & H.

Bradbury (Eds.), Handbook of action research: Concise paperback edition (pp. 144–145). Sage Publications.

Howard, A., Katrak, M., Blakemore, T., & Pallas, P. (2016). Rural, regional and remote social work: practice research from Australia. Routledge.

Hull, M. J., Fennell, K. M., Vallury, K., Jones, M., & Dollman, J. (2017). A comparison of barriers to mental health support-seeking

among farming and non-farming adults in rural South Australia. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 25(6), 347–353.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12352

Humble, M. N., Lewis, M. L., Scott, D. L., & Herzog, J. R. (2013). Challenges in rural social work practice: When support groups

contain your neighbours, church members, and the PTA. Social Work With Groups 36(2–3), 249–258. http://doi.org/10.1080/0160

2012.753807

International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW). (2021). Social work and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGS). https://www.ifsw.org/social-work-and-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs/

International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW). (2018). Global social work statement of ethical principles. https://www.ifsw.

org/global-social-work-statement-of-ethical-principles/

Irish Association of Social Workers (IASW). (2020). Code of practice. https://www.iasw.ie

International Network of Cooperative Inquiry (INCInq). (2022). About us. https://incinq.csu.domains/

Keane, S., Smith, T., Lincoln, M., & Fisher, K. (2011). Survey of the rural allied health workforce in New South Wales to inform

recruitment and retention. The Australia Journal of Rural Health, 19(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2010.01175.x

Kelly, A., Dáil Éireann debate (Ireland). (2020, 12 Nov). Vol. 1000 No. 6: Working from Home (Covid-19) Bill 2020: First Stage.

https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2020-11-12/20/?highlight%5B0%5D=working&highlight%5B1%5D=from&h

ighlight%5B2%5D=home

Kennedy, C. (2017). Stigma towards depression in rural Ireland: A qualitative exploration. Community Mental Health Journal, 54(3), 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0200-1

Kitchen, P., Williams, A., & Chowhan, J. (2011). Sense of community belonging and health in Canada: A regional analysis. Social

Indicators Research, 107(1), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9830-9

Larson, N. C., & Dearmont, M. (2002). Strengths of farming communities in fostering resilience in children. Child Welfare, 81(5),

–835.

Lawson, J., Pascoe., E, & Ivory, N. (2021, November 11). Student-led co-operative inquiry: Inquiring into rural disadvantage and

advantage [Poster presentation]. 26th Asia Pacific Regional Social Work Conference, online, Australia.

Lewis, M. L., Scott, D. L., & Calfee, C. (2013). Rural social service disparities and creative social work solutions for rural families

across the lifespan. Journal of Family Social Work, 16(1), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2012.747118

Little, J. (2017). Understanding domestic violence in rural spaces: a research agenda. Progress in Human Geography, 41(4): 472–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516645960

Lonne, B. (2009). Rural mental health and rural social work. Rural Society, 19(4), 370. https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2009.11

Makate, M., Ledwith, T., Robinson, S., Broderick, I., Miller S., & Bell, J. (2021). Training and retention in rural and remote Australia:

Examining the association between GP vocational training placements and subsequent practice location in Western Australia. Journal of Rural Studies, 86, 346–356.

McCalman, J. (2015). What do Indigenous Australians and Irish Travellers have in common? ABC (RadioNational). https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/bigideas/indigenous-australians-and-irish-travellers/6409186

McConnell, K. (2021). Covid-19 population impacts on rural and regional Australia. InterAction, 49(1), 13–15.

Nickson, A., Gair, S., & Miles, D. (2016). Supporting isolated workers in their work with families in rural and remote Australia:

Exploring peer group supervision. Children Australia, 41(4), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1017/cha.2016.41

Nyqvist, F., Forsman, A.K., Giuntoli, G., & Cattan, M. (2013). Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people:

A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health, 17(4), 394–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.742490

O’Neil, S. M. (2018). On becoming a better supervisor: A deconstruction of autoethnography as method for professional

development. South African Journal of Higher Education, 32(6), 483-501.

Pitt, L., Maidment, J., Crichton-Hill, Y. (2019). Women’s experiences of intimate partner violence in rural Taranaki, Aotearoa New

Zealand. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 31(1), 31–41.

Pugh, R.C., & Cheers, B. (2010). Rural social work: An international perspective. Policy Press.

Reason, P. (2002). The practice of co-operative inquiry. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 15(3), 169–176.

Royal Far West, (2020). Submission for inquiry into health outcomes and access to health and hospital services in rural, regional and remote New South Wales. https://www.royalfarwest.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Royal-Far-West-Upper-House-NSWInquiry-Rural-Health-Submission.pdf

Saltman, J., Gumpert, J., Allen-Kelly, K., & Zubrzycki, J. (2004). Rural social work practice in the United States and Australia.

International Social Work, 47(4), 515–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872804046258

Sen, S. (2021). Rejuvenation in rural Ireland in response to the COVID-19 induced urban-to-rural migration phenomenon.

Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v6i2.835

Short, M., & Healy, J. (2017). Writing “with” not “about”: examples in co-operative inquiry. In S. Gair., & A. van Luyn

(Eds.), Sharing qualitative research: showing lived experience and community narratives (pp. 188–203). Routledge.

Social Justice Ireland. (2023). Social justice matters: 2023 guide to a fairer Irish society. https://www.socialjustice.ie/publication/socialjustice-matters-2023-guide-fairer-irish-society

Stewart, H., Jameson, J., & Curtin, L. (2015). The relationship between stigma and self-reported willingness to use mental health

services among rural and urban older adults. Psychological Services, 12(2), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038651

Tonnies, F. (1955). Community and association. Lowe and Brydone.

United Nations. (n.d.). The 17 Goals. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Volkova, O., Lipai, T., & Wendt, S. (2015). Domestic violence in rural areas of Russia and Australia. International Letters of Social

and Humanistic Sciences, 55, 101–110.

Walsh, K., O’Shea, E., Scharf, T., & Murray, M. (2012). Ageing in changing community contexts: Cross-border perspectives from

rural Ireland and Northern Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(4), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.01.012

Warburton, J., Scharf, T., & Walsh, K. (2016). Flying under the radar? Risks of social exclusion for older people in rural communities in Australia, Ireland and Northern Ireland. Sociologia Ruralis, 57(4), 459–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12129

Watson, D. (2014). The bush: Travels in the heart of Australia. The Penguin Group.

Wendt, S. (2009). Domestic violence in rural Australia. The Federation Press.

World Bank. (2022). Metadata glossary: Rural population. https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-developmentindicators/series/SP.RUR.TOTL

World Health Organisation. (2020). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. https://www.

ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/sdoh/1/frameworks

World Population Review. (2021). Ireland population 2021 live. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ireland-population

Downloads

Published

2024-05-24

Most read articles by the same author(s)